Saturday, February 11, 2023

Disney's Diabolical Delusion DeliberatelyFuels Racism

Disney—the once-great corporation that was universally admired in the 1950s and 1960s is today deliberately working to help fuel racism amongst our most innocent citizens—young children.  A recent production of Disney’s “The Proud Family” put forth yet another false narrative about our nation’s history—that only Black slaves “built this nation” and that Blacks today deserve reparations “for every moment we spend submerged in this systemic prejudice, racism, and white supremacy that America was founded with and still has not atoned for.” To illustrate this last point, the cartoon showcases a picture of a young Black man with his palms turned up and the words “Hands Up, Don’t Shoot” written on them. The film features predominately Black girls angrily denouncing the Founding Fathers and at one point shows the presidential images on Mount Rushmore being replaced with the likes of Harriett Tubman, Nat Turner, and Frederick Douglass—the “real” champions of freedom. Lincoln is deliberately snubbed as the girls proclaim “we can only free ourselves …. emancipation was not freedom.” No context, of course, is supplied for these outlandish charges—thus exposing the cartoon for the racist propaganda that it is. 

 Disney has certainly declined from the company that virtually every home was tuned in to watch in television’s formative years. In earlier times, Disney regularly featured wholesome, patriotic portrayals of America’s past that influenced generations of children. Recently, however, it has worked diligently to promote the Leftist goal to “fundamentally change America.” One executive producer has admitted she deliberately infused gay-lifestyle themes into as many productions as possible. Disney's Diversity and Inclusion Manager, Vivian Ware, led the effort to ditch the words ladies, gentlemen, boys, and girls in its theme parks in order to not alienate transgender children. The company has already pulled or posted warning labels to old movie favorites such as Dumbo, Peter Pan, Aristocats, Swiss Family Robinson, and Song of the South for their bing deemed offensive to minorities. It fired the conservative star of Mandalorian, Gina Carano, for posting to a social media site her criticism of attacks upon Republicans. Secretly recorded Critical Race Theory trainings for Disney staff have blamed all whites for systemic racism and instructed them to never “question or debate Black colleagues’ lived experience.” Disney’s white employees were also asked to complete a “white privilege checklist" with such qualifiers as “I am a man,” “I still identify as the gender I was born in,” and “I have never been raped.” Upon discovering this, Chris Rufo rightly argued that “the Magi Kingdom is a house of lies” because it has used slave and child labor, filmed “Mulan” near Uighur concentration camps, and censored its content for the Chinese Communist Party.  


But it's much worse than this. Disney's latest attempt to fundamentally change America illustrates the company's diabolical nature. The Proud Family episode deliberately distorts our nation's history. The fact that slavery was universal among cultures is ignored. There is no mention that North African and Ottoman Muslims enslaved millions of white Europeans for over 1,000 years. Children are intentionally left with the notion that only Black slaves "built this country." They are not informed that both Hinton Helper and Alexis de Tocqueville offered plenty of evidence that slavery--far from being responsible for all the nation's wealth--actually retarded the South's economic progress and development. There is no mention of the exploitation of Irish immigrants in the nation's coal mines and in the construction of our railroads and canals. Apparently the white farm girls who worked 13 hours daily in the Lowell Mills, the Chinese coolie laborers who built the Central Pacific Railroad, the immigrant miners who worked 364 days a year in our mines, the workers who were machine gunned during their labor strike at Ludlow, Colorado, and countless other examples of exploited non-Black victims who helped build this nation played no role in creating our nation's prosperity. Nor can we forgive Disney for helping to inflame the racial hatred and violence that currently engulfs America. The cartoon's attempt to reaffirm the lie surround the George Floyd case by promoting the phrase "Hands Up, Don't Shoot" in the cartoon is unpardonable. 


Far from succeeding in its goal of indoctrinating America’s children to the necessity of imposing racial reparations on the nation, Disney has only succeeded in showing how its militant cartoon characters are ignorant of real history. Disney intentionally promotes the falsehood that Black men are routinely shot down by police while trying to surrender with the cartoon’s ‘hands up’ scene. Meanwhile, the cartoon’s promotion of Nat Turner—a murderer who slew his master and his wife while they were sleeping in their bed at night and who ordered their infant child to be slaughtered in his crib—is a sad commentary of what passes today as acceptable viewing for children. Disney’s producers apparently didn’t know that Turner’s men decapitated the infant in its crib and threw its body into the fireplace. Nor that two other children were later beheaded. Nor that almost all of Turner’s victims were defenseless, unarmed women and children. And, according to Disney, this is the man who should be depicted on Mount Rushmore? 

 

Let’s not give Disney the benefit of the doubt here. The company has a litany of researchers and historians at its disposal who could give caution to its deliberate dissemination of racial bias and falsehood. These deliberate distortions of history and racial animus—far from bringing us closer together as a people— only serve to further divide us into ethnic and racial tribes. These falsehoods lead to the assassination of police officers, an increase in racially inspired hate crimes, and countless break-ins and robberies of businesses throughout the nation as “oppressed” individuals seek the ‘reparations’ they now think they deserve. 

 

Disney should apologize for its promotion of a murderer of children to an audience of children in the vague hope that we’ll somehow have better race relations in the future. 

 


__________   

Jack Bovee

Fort Myers, FL 
The writer has been a social studies educator, founder of Rho Kappa--the National Social Studies Honor Society--past president of the Florida Council for the Social Studies, and a former Elementary School Principal of the Year in Lee County, Florida. He may be reached at: jsbovee@aol.com.

 

Email:  JSBOVEE@aol.com      

Friday, December 30, 2022

How CRT Threatens the Lives of Innocent Americans

 Shortly after posting a terrorist rant to the internet around 8 am on Christmas Day, nineteen-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail was arrested inside the grounds of Windsor Castle with a cross-bow that he hoped to use to murder Queen Elizabeth II. Chail, who lived in a £500,000 semi-detached house in a private estate, announced his plan to kill the Queen because of the Empire’s massacre of Indian civilians at Amritsar in 1919.  In his posting, Chail clearly stated, “This is revenge for those who have died in the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre. It is also revenge for those who have been killed, humiliated and discriminated on because of their race. I’m an Indian Sikh, a Sith.” Not surprisingly, British authorities hauled the young man off for psychiatric evaluation. The possibility that he had been convinced through exposure to an overwhelming educational, governmental and social media onslaught of anti-Western, anti-Christian, and anti-white propaganda which convinced him that there was need for a revenge murder of the Queen never dawned upon elites within British society. One wonders if Chail’s high school exposure to Britain’s imperialistic history — which certainly covered the 1919 Amritsar massacre –- spent as much time on the earlier massacre of British men, women, and children at Cawnpore (Bibighar) in 1857. Probably not. Regardless, in this age of ‘WOKE’ anti-Western history the message of contemporary culture is clear—all whites are ‘oppressors’ and all non-whites are victims.

Recent events in our own country confirm the real threat that WOKE politics and Critical Race Theory present to ordinary Americans of white, European ancestry. Since the late 1960s, the work of revisionist historians has led us to this point. The Left won a significant victory in the culture war when in 1987 Jessie Jackson led 500 protestors at Stanford in chants of “Hey, Hey, Ho, Ho, Western Civ has got to go!”[1] Since then, the attack upon the basic tenets of European civilization has been non-stop. For a few decades, American’s of European descent have found themselves to be strangers on a majority of campuses’ that cater to every other culture.  Since George Floyd and the rise of Critical Race Theory throughout our society, they’ve found themselves the “enemy” of humanity and the world’s greatest “oppressors.” Our elites have worked to not only eliminate white males from Fifth Avenue corporate advertising; they’ve succeeded in vilifying white children as “privileged” and hopelessly “racist.” Racial hucksters like Richard Delgado, Robin DeAngleo, and Ibram X. Kendi have made millions off of what can only be called the “The New Acceptable Racism.” One of the prominent features of this new racism is the falsification of the past for the purpose of “fundamentally changing” America’s future—one that will be tied to global elites and authoritarian forms of government. To accomplish such a goal, it is necessary to destroy an America that has as its current goal the inalienable rights of the individual and the belief in equal opportunity for all. The weapon to achieve this is to argue that the nation is inherently and irredeemably racist. As it was built upon the over-riding principle of white supremacy, entire systems of education, governance, law, and religion must be ‘reimagined’ or ‘recreated.’ 


Every demagogue needs a scapegoat—Marxists’ had the bourgeoisie, Hitler the Jews, Stalin the Kulaks, Mao western imperialists, and Pol Pot—intellectuals. Today’s scapegoats in the United States are “whites.” Those who disagree are labeled not only wrong and arrogant, but “fragile” in their feelings if they are white and “Uncle Tom’s” if they are Black.[2]   


There can only be one consequence of this current attack upon traditional American institutions — a dangerously divided nation that is so weakened it can no longer function as a sovereign state let alone as “leader of the free world.”  A by-product of this is the current attempt to degrade whites through the deliberate use of weaponizing historical falsehoods to the point where non-whites openly call for their oppression and subjugation. 


History as a Weapon

An examination of the first step — the deliberate falsification of our past to illustrate how one evil race, whites, has mistreated all other races — may be illustrated through a few examples. It’s commonly accepted today that revisionist historians began false attacks upon our traditional history and culture decades ago. The effect has been nothing short of seismic. The current vilification of Columbus, begun by Kirkpatrick Sale in 1990, as a genocidal imperialist intent on conquest has been refuted by historians, but has nevertheless continued to be accepted in popular culture and Progressive circles.[3] The same may be said for the long-standing most popular book used on college campuses for decades, the very biased and overwhelmingly negative portrayal of our past by Howard Zinn, appropriately titled A People’s History of the United States.[4] From these and other contemporary writers on ethnic and racial studies such as Hanna Nicole-Jones or Ibram X. Kendi, historical events are routinely cherry-picked for the purpose of vilifying America’s past. Rather than attempting a comprehensive and balanced view of past events, these revisionist interpretations of our past are constructed through the deliberate omission of key facts. The Puritans, for example, are portrayed as genocidal expansionists who destroyed the Pequot tribe in 1637 — despite the fact the Native Americans who aided the English in this war outnumbered Puritans by more than four to one. Our Founding Fathers are demonized for permitting the institution of slavery within the Constitution—despite the belief of many of them that it was wrong and on the road to extinction. Their having to pick between having a united country with the means to overturn that institution or no country at all is seldom made clear. Nor, when discussing the origins of American slavery, is there mention that Africans and Ottomans actually enslaved Europeans for much longer time than American slavery.[5] 


Most current school textbooks never credit the United States with being unique in the history of the world in having fought a devastating war consuming 750,000 lives so that one race could free another from bondage.[6] In discussing the Mexican-American War, details of the ruthless execution of 350 Americans at Goliad is often omitted. Zinn, for example, is silent on this war crime. The list of such omissions goes on. It would seem obvious from a cursory review of world history that all cultures possessed expansionistic, nationalistic, and ethnocentric periods. That the United States did as well should be no surprise. The difference is that, thanks to the efforts of revisionist historians and educators whose specialty is ethnic studies, our nation has now lost any balanced or accurate portrayal of our past. Critical Race Theory has now so successfully permeated our educational and governmental institutions that arguments to deliberately identify and oppress all members of the white race as privileged and to bestow victimhood status and preferential benefits upon all members of non-white cultures seems almost irrefutable.


Hollywood Propaganda

The falsification of history through omission is further aided by elements within our popular culture. Within the rap music industry there are strong elements of resisting all forms of authority, hatred of police, the glorification of crime, and the dehumanization of women. In several popular Hollywood movies such as Django UnchainedLincoln, and Birth of a Nation, American history is deliberately falsified to leave desirable impressions upon the audience. All too often, the audience lacks the historical knowledge to know what aspects of racial hatred portrayed in the films represents authentic events and what is propaganda. The result is that all too many viewers believe and accept “fake history.”


Take Quenton Tarantino’s revisionist Django Unchained – a film that glorifies violence and racism through fictionalized events. White racism and hatred toward Blacks is an overriding theme and Django—a former slave—is able to exact revenge against a wide array of evil white characters. Even the main star, Black actor Jamie Foxx, joked while hosting Saturday Night Live that he starred in the movie and--"I get to kill all the white people in the movie. How great is that?"--to a predominantly white cheering audience.[7] Even critics who loved the movie, admitted it had problems. Peter Bradshaw, film critic for The Guardian--who gave it five stars--described it as "unwholesome, deplorable, and as delicious as a forbidden cigarette."[8] Writing in the New York Times, critic A.O. Scott described Django as "crazily entertaining, brazenly irresponsible and also ethically serious in a way that is entirely consistent with its playfulness." Playfulness? In the way Jamie Foxx joked? The New Yorker's Anthony Lane didn't see it that way. He was "disturbed by their [Tarantino's fans'] yelps of triumphant laughter, at the screening I attended, as a white woman was blown away by Django's guns."


Renowned Hollywood actor, Steven Spielberg, similarly distorts real history in his award-winning Lincoln. Aside from angering many outstanding historians by having Lincoln utter uncharacteristic "godd - - - s" in the movie, two totally fictional scenes regarding race are woven into the epic film. In one scene Lincoln sits alone as Union troops--black and white--are being shipped off for the attack against Wilmington in 1865. He interacts with two Black soldiers and discovers one has been fighting for over two years. The younger Black soldier, however, repeatedly interrupts the conversation in order to lecture Lincoln about the unequal treatment of Negro troops and the slow pace of equality. He sarcastically notes that perhaps one hundred years hence, Blacks may finally be afforded the right to vote. They are joined by two white soldiers who are deliberately portrayed as less patriotic, less cerebral, and less aware of the importance of what's at stake in this war. When one asks Lincoln how tall he is, the other exclaims "Geez, shut up." They admit they've only just joined the Union cause, but that they were present as civilians at Gettysburg to hear Lincoln's speech. When Lincoln asks them if they remember what he said there, one responds, "No, not much," They try to recite portions of it, but stumble in the attempt to recollect Lincoln's most memorable words. As the soldiers are called away, the lone impertinent Black soldier is left standing alone with Lincoln. He slowly walks away flawlessly reciting Lincoln's vision of the nation having "a new birth of freedom." The director makes it a point to show the audience that, unlike the white soldiers, this more militant Black soldier fully grasps the real meaning of the Civil War. In another scene Speilberg deliberately uses Black soldiers to officially escort members of a Southern Commission on Peace to meet secretly with Lincoln. In reality, Lincoln was wise enough to not have so deliberately insulted Southern attempts to reach a peaceful end to the war--no Black troops actually escorted the Confederates safely to the meeting. Speilberg is a master at pulling the emotional strings of his viewing audience, but overstating the patriotic contributions of Black soldiers to the success of Northern arms and his implied denigration of white soldiers to the cause of freedom through these fictionalized events were both unnecessary. 


Perhaps the worst piece of Hollywood racial propaganda is Nate Parker’s “Birth of a Nation.” His movie suffers from the same propagandistic weaknesses as D.W. Griffith’s 1915 film of the same title, but with none of the breakthrough filming techniques of the original. Parker presents a heroic though fictionalized view of Nat Turner—leader of the largest slave revolt in U.S. history—with himself in the lead role. To accomplish this, Parker creates false scenes that deliberately demonize southern whites and he omits real facts that present a negative view of Turner. One of the falsehoods in the film portrays Turner being whipped for daring to baptize a white man during a religious revival. Another is Turner's being hit for simply returning to a white child a doll she had dropped. Another is his supposed marriage to a slave woman who is gang-raped and brutally beaten by white men. Yet another is his master’s consent to the request of another white man to be allowed to rape one of his female slaves. Still others are his successful seizure of the town of Jerusalem, Virginia, only to be ambushed there, and Nat’s being the only slave to escape. Fnally, Nat is falsely portrayed as turning himself in order to spare the lives of innocent slaves who are being murdered in retaliation for his revolt. The film ends with Nat courageously heading toward his fate on the gallows. In a Christ-like gesture he is seen forgiving a sobbing young black child who betrayed his cause and now—like Judas—regrets what he has done. The film ends with presumably this same boy having grown up and now fighting as a Union soldier to achieve Turner’s goal of ending slavery. 


In addition to the many falsehoods designed by Parker to deliberately portray Turner as heroic, he omitted key facts that would have portrayed the man negatively. Viewers do not see Turner as the murderer of mostly white women and children, even sleeping infants. Nor do they see his master and his wife brutally murdered with an axe as they sleep. They do not see him murdering young Margaret Whitehead by repeatedly stabbing her with a sword and then bashing her head in with a fence rail. Nor are realistic scenes of children being decapitated portrayed. [9]


Nate Parker, however, attested to the overall accuracy of events portrayed in the film. At the Toronto International Film Festival he insisted the film was predominantly grounded in fact saying, “For me, historical accuracy was very important.”[10]  Historian David Breen, author of an acclaimed history of the Turner revolt, weighed in on the accuracy of Parker’s movie. In addition to the above inaccuracies, Dr. Breen described as "false" the charge that hundreds of Blacks were indiscriminately killed in retaliation for Turner’s killing spree. 


Other parts of Parker's indictment against America describe other places but not Nat Turner's Virginia. For example, the indiscriminate lynching that Parker notes led to hundreds of deaths in Southhampton actually did not happen. In Southhampton, slaves were the most valuable form of property and tax records reveal that whites killed roughly three dozen slaves as the revolt was put down. Some of these murdered blacks were surely innocent, but the rebel force numbered about sixty at its peak, which suggests that the vast majority of those killed after the revolt were in fact rebels or their allies. [11]


In reality, Turner was the property of four men. In the film, however, Parker portrays Samuel Turner as his single master and a cruel drunk who pimps out the wife of Nat’s best friend. In real life, Turner described Turner differently—as a “kind master in fact….I had no cause to complain of his treatment of me.”[12]


In his review of the film, Ronald Davis acknowledges that “the film takes wide liberties with history” and that “…some members of the audience inevitably will absorb the film as a factual representation.”[13] More will do so when the director openly professes that “historical accuracy was very important” to his work. And this is the danger that such films present to our racially divided nation. A prominent Black journalist and former African-American studies major admitted the film contained “unforgiveable historical inaccuracies” –- the greatest of which was what motivated his revolt in the first place. Rather than the fictional rape of a supposed wife which Nat never acknowledged in life, almost all the evidence points to Nat’s religious convictions and divine visions as being the inspiration for the rebellion. "The rape plot device was unnecessary, awkward, uncomfortable and poorly executed. By inserting it, 'Birth of a Nation' tainted the sacred history of one of the greatest figures in black history."[14] When this reviewer was told by colleagues that as a Black man, he shouldn't be critical of the movie, he responded, "I do not support films blindly ... Historical accuracy--at least in the broad facts, if not the small details--is paramount."[15]


Needless to say, however, despite the occasional critical review, Parker won huge acclaim from the predominantly white film industry for this lopsided portrayal of Turner. He did so despite previous rape accusations from 1999 against both himself and his co-writer, Jean Celestin, which re-surfaced at the time. His accuser, an 18-year-old 4.0 GPA white female student at Penn State University who claimed she was intoxicated and sexually assaulted by Parker and his roommate, twice attempted suicide after being continually harassed by Parker on campus. Distraught over what she considered the university’s lack of support for her gang rape charges—she later won a court settlement against Penn State—she eventually took her own life in 2012.[16] Her sister wrote several scathing editorials about Nate Parker—whom she blamed for her sister’s death—as his movie won wide acclaim and was seriously being hailed as the major contender for the Academy Award.[17]


Ronald Davis ended his 2016 review by stating, Nate Parker's The Birth of a Nation should be seen not for its historic content but for its commentary of this moment in American history.[18] No statement could be more welcome by everyone in today's hostile political divide. Thoroughly fictionalized accounts in which one race is deliberately demonized in what can only be called works of racial-propaganda obviously does little to advance an honest conversation about race relations in America. On the contrary, such untruths helped lead to increased racial violence and intolerance. "Birth" came out during a time of racially based 'knock-out game' attacks upon innocent Americans and an increased emphasis on racially incendiary educational workshops based upon Critical Race Theory. Worse still, such falsehoods contributed to the call for our nation to return to a period of judging Americans solely by the color of their skin. As Critical Race theorist Ibram X. Kendi has written, "The only remedy to past discrimination is present discrimination. The only remedy to present discrimination is future discrimination."[19] The new discrimination being called for, of course, is leveled now solely against whites and should continue until every measure of equity and all statistical disparities between Blacks and whites are erased. Average annual incomes among ethnic and racial groups in America apparently don't count. CRT advocates ignore the fact that American citizens from India, Japan, Korea, Nigeria, and many other non-English and non-white groups already exceed the average annual incomes of whites.


What's at Stake

The current demands for equity, not equality, threaten to destroy the nation's progress toward the achievement of a color-blind society. BLM and CRT activists, in fact, no longer believe in color blind policies but rather in color-conscious ones. For these extremists, affirmative action policies that have permitted systematic discrimination against white males for the past 60 years are no longer enough. In demanding equity of outcome in all aspects of life among racial groups, positive discriminatory practices against all whites must occur in every area where any disparity in outcomes is found. All such disparities, they argue, are the result of white supremacist doctrines and all whites, regardless of income or individual circumstance, benefit from "white privilege." Thus, to erase current racial health disparities such as infant mortality or life expectancy, New York City has recently determined in the name of equity to prefer non-whites over whites when dispensing life-saving anti-Covid medicines.[20] Similarly, when Oakland's Progressive mayor, Libby Schaaf, unveiled a program to provide financial aid to low income families, it was made clear no white family would be eligible for aid because the average family income for whites was above the norm.[21] Due to her use of average incomes among the races, none of the city's 10,000 whites would living in poverty could be considered. Such race-based preferential policies that benefit minorities are sweeping across the nation and pose a danger to all Americans. For example, because Black males are "disproportionately arrested" for drive-by shootings, Washington state Democrats are pushing to reduce penalties for such crimes. In one Texas county alone, 156 people were killed by violent criminals for whom little or no bond was required.[23] Efforts to bring equity in arrests by race only result in the death of more innocent Americans of all races.


In addition to Hollywood propaganda, there are considerable forces within our current political and social climate that foster animus between the races. Today, entire industries are devoted to ameliorating the harmful effects of race in our society. Diversity experts abound throughout business, government and academia. Mandatory 'white privilege' workshops are a common cultural phenomenon. Moreover, any difference in end outcomes between members of legally protected minorities and non-protected groups (whites) is now attributed to racially adverse practices, even if there is no intent to discriminate. Thus, higher school graduation rates for white students are today seen as prima facie evidence of racial discrimination against Black pupils. This theory, known as "disparate impact," is cited by educators and lawyers to bring countless lawsuits against innocent plaintiffs who argue other factors are responsible for the disparity. This same reasoning is applied to those who dare claim "all" lives matter when faced with today's racial activists who proclaim that only "Black lives matter." Black Lives Matter (BLM) activists see the statement "all lives matter" as insulting and racist. Those who disagree with BLM on this statement have been routinely fired from their jobs, occasionally assaulted, and even killed. [24]


Is there evidence that Hollywood’s falsely depicting racial incidents contribute to increased racial tension and even violence against whites today? A cursory review of statements by those arrested for acts of racial violence suggests this may be the case. Today, when the national media deliberately try to ignore hostility toward whites, postings by ordinary citizens to Twitter and Facebook contain dozens of such examples. When the crimes are so egregious that it’s necessary to report on them, as in the case of the accused murderer Darrell Brooks in Waukesha, WI--who used his SUV to deliberately run down and injure over 40 white Christmas revelers--the stories lack follow-up and important incriminating evidence posted to social media sites is censored.[25]


When taken in their entirety, it's clear that the basic tenets of Critical Race Theory and its advocates pose a real threat to the safety and lives of innocent Americans who by birth happen to be white. They are, however, but one arrow in the quiver of activities designed to "fundamentally change" America. Efforts to end the federal system of government by continually resorting to national programs that eviscerate the protections of the 10th Amendment, the current use of a supreme authority vested in an authoritarian chief executive who acts against the pinciples of the Constitution's separation of powers, and the open vilification of our justice system, law enforcement agencies, and the our military all seek the same goal. Indoctrination at all levels of our educational systems, control of our national media, an oppressive taxation and vilification of the rich, and an open borders invasion that first dilutes and then destroys an American electorate founded upon democratic and traditional family values may soon succeed in forever erasing our democratic legacy.


ENDNOTES


[1] Robert Curry. “Hey, Hey, Ho, Ho, Western Civ Has Got to Go,” (Charlemagne Institute: June 11, 2019). Web. Accessed HERE .  [ https://www.intellectualtakeout.org/article/hey-hey-ho-ho-western-civ-has-got-go/ ].

[2] Robin DeAngelo. White Fragility: Why It’s So Hard For White People to Talk About Racism, (Beacon Press: Boston, 2018).

[3] William H. McNeil. "Review of the 'The Conquest of Paradise' by Kirkpatrick Sale", (New York Times: October 7, 1990.) Accessed HERE, December 30, 2022. 

[4] Roger Kimball. “Professor of Contempt: The Legacy of Howard Zinn”, (National Review: New York, February 3, 2010).  Accessed HERE  December 30, 2022.

[5] Jack Bovee. “The Biggest Lie of Critical Race Theory”.  Accessed HERE, December 30, 2022.  

[6] Jennie Cohen. “Civil War Deadlier than Previously Thought?”  Accessed HERE, December 27, 2022.

[7] "jamie Foxx Jokes About Killing 'All the White People'", (Fox Nation: December 10, 2012.) Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved December 31. 2021.  

[8] Peter Bradshaw. "Django Unchained--first look review," The Guardian: London. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2012. 

[9] Stephen B. Oates. "Children of Darkness," American Heritage v 23 Issue 6: (October 1973). Accessed HERE on December 22, 2021. 

[10] Patrick H. Breen. "'Birth of a Nation,' The Historian's Review: A Scholar Considers the Past in Parker's Movie for Today", (Deadline: October 7, 2016),  Accessed HERE on December 22, 2021. 

[11] Ibid.

[12] Breen.

[13] Ronald Davis. "Historical Perspectives on The Birth of a Nation (2016)." (Not Even Past: December 12, 2016). Accessed HERE on December 22, 2021.

[14] Clay Cane. "Birth of a National: A Historical Injustice," (CNN: August 7. 2016). Accessed HERE, December 22, 2021.  

[15] Ibid. 

[16] "Ex-Wrestler gets new trial in assault case," (Daily Collegian: November 1, 2005.) Accessed HERE, December 22, 2021. 

[17] Sharon Loeffler. "Nate Parker's 'Birth of a Nation' Exploits My Sister All Over Again," (Variety: September 29, 2016). Accessed HERE on December 23, 2021. 

[18] Davis. 

[19] Ibram X. Kendi. How to be an Anti-Racist, (New York: One World Press, 2019). 

[20] John Levine. "NYC will consider race when distributing life-saving COVID treatments," (New York Post: January 1, 2022.) Accessed HERE May 14, 2022).

[21] Bevan Hurley. "City of Oakland Mayor is Branded Racist..." (Daily Mail: March 24, 2021). Accessed HERE on May 14, 2022. 

[22] Jordan Boyd. "Washington State Democrats Want to Pull Back Penalties for Drive By Shootings," (The Federalist: December 31, 2021). Accessed HERE on May 14, 2022.

[23] Louis Casiano."Texas' largest county sees more that 150 killed by suspects out on bonds, victims group says," (Fox News: January 4, 2022.). Accessed HERE on May 14, 2022.)  

[24] Kyle Morris. "Former Football Coach Fired...." (Fox News: December 4, 2021). See also: Joshua Rhett Miller, "NJ Cop FIRED for Post Berating BLM Rioters as 'Terrorists'" (NY Post: May 4, 2021, available HERE) and Rowan Dean, "People Cancelled, Silenced, and Shot for Saying All Lives Matter," Australian Sky News: July 18, 2020.) Available HERE

[25] "Suspect in Wisconsin Christmas parade killing has long criminal record, released on bail just days before," (Life Site News: November 23, 2021). Available HERE


To download a PDF version of this opinion piece, click HERE.  

---------


Jack Bovee

Fort Myers, Florida. 

The writer has been a social studies educator, founder of Rho Kappa--the National Social Studies Honor Society--past president of the Florida Council for the Social Studies, and a former Elementary School Principal of the Year in Lee County, Florida. He may be reached at: jsbovee@aol.com.



Wednesday, December 28, 2022

Are Whites the only ‘imperialists’ and ‘supremacists’?

Another basic tenet of CRT exposed as false: examples of non-white imperialist, supremacist and genocidal aggression  

 

 

As much as today’s college-educated liberal elites and Black nationalists like to pin the charge of “supremacist” thinking upon only whites, recent past history and events provide ample examples of such discriminatory behavior perpetrated by people of color. Rather than admit that all cultures are basically guilty of such behavior, today’s Marxist-influenced intellectuals who dominate academia have simply replaced the once-reviled bourgeoisie with Caucasians. Their aim remains the same—the overthrow of today’s ‘existing social order’ in the West and the establishment of a supposedly utopian, classless society that rests upon authoritarian practices.  For those who admire the principles of an egalitarian society where opportunity is equally available to all, today’s new Marxists like Ibram Kendi now openly call for a return to the past where every decision is based upon race. In their world, the color-blindness of Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan and Dr. Martin Luther King has no place.  

 

For centuries, cultures on every continent rose to positions of dominance by practicing the subjugation, enslavement, and sometimes even genocide against others who were different from themselves. Thus ancient Greeks considered all others ‘barbarians,’ non-Latin peoples all sought the advantages of Roman citizenship, and African and Native America tribes indulged in wars of conquest and demanded tribute from ‘inferior’ groups. Although African and Native America tribes are almost always portrayed as victims, the historical record includes the Iroquois obliterating the Eriez, the Sioux being driven onto the Great Plains by other Indian groups, Mayans and Aztecs requiring the human sacrifice of their captives, the African Nubian people conquering Egypt, and Mongol and Chinese armies establishing some of the world’s largest empires over other ethnic groups. Nor have such practices by non-whites been confined to the long-forgotten past. The modern era is replete with anti-CRT examples that have witnessed the following “supremacist” events by people of color:

 

The Mfecane, or ‘the crushing,’ was caused by the violent expansionistic wars of the Zulu empire in South Africa between 1820 and 1840. It caused an estimated 2 million deaths and displaced less powerful African tribes throughout the southern half of the continent. 

 

The Fulani War (1804-1808) which pitted the Fulani people against the Hausa and created the Sokoto Empire in West Central Africa—an Islamic state that became one of the largest states in Africa in the 19th century.

 

During the course of World War I and in the years immediately following that conflict, the Turkish nation engaged in the systematic genocide of their non-Islamic Christian Greek and Armenian neighbors who were viewed as less than-equal members of that society. Millions were brutalized, raped, starved and tortured in one of the most massive ethnic and religious cleansings of the last couple hundred years.  

 

In 1947 when India and Pakistan both declared their independence from Britain, the ‘religiously’ and ethnically supremacist beliefs of both groups prevented their being able to co-exist with one another. Over hundreds of years, scores of millions of Hindus had been subjugated and oppressed by Muslim overlords who viewed them as less than equal infidels. The separation between the two groups after World War II displaced tens of millions of persons and the deaths of an estimated one to two million lives. Forgotten today in the charge that only whites and Westerners can harbor ‘supremacist’ tendencies is the fact that only through the efforts of whites had these two groups been prevented from committing acts of genocide against one another for two hundred years. Today, when white Christians are no longer around, murderous acts between the two groups continue to threaten the lives of millions. 

 

In 1972 the Burundi Genocide -- where the Tutsi dominated military and government slew an estimated 150,000 Hutu in order to subjugate them—took place in central Africa.

 

In 1967, the Igbos people of Biafra declared independence from the Hausa-Fulani dominated Nigeria resulting in the deaths of between one and two million innocents from genocide and starvation. The International Red Cross estimated 8,000 to 10,000 innocents starved to death each day during the blockade of basic food and medical supplies to the province by Nigeria. The leader of a Nigerian peace conference delegation said in 1968 that "starvation is a legitimate weapon of war and we have every intention of using it . . ." [1] 


Legal scholar Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe and other academics argued that the Biafran War was a true genocide, for which no perpetrators have been held accountable. Biafra made a formal complaint of genocide to the International Committee on the Investigation of Crimes of Genocide, which concluded that the actions undertaken by the Nigerian government against the Igbo amounted to a genocide. With special reference to the Asaba Massacre, jurist Emma Okocha described the killings as "the first black-on-black genocide." [2]   


From 1980 to 2003 Africa’s oldest republic saw devastation and numerous war crimes. It began in 1980 when Sergeant Samuel Doe ended 133 years of continuous rule by the descendants of American slaves repatriated back to Liberia, Africa. The descendants of American slaves had dominated the affairs of the nation since its inception and native Africans like Doe resented their supremacist policies. He tortured and murdered the previous president, William R. Tolbert, Jr.  Ten days after Tolbert’s murder, Doe had 13 other Tolbert supporters stripped naked to their underwear and brutally murdered on a beach outside Monrovia.  In 1990 he himself was captured by rebels, stripped to his underwear, interrogated on film, and had an ear sliced off before being murdered. His tormentor, Prince Johnson, calmly presided over the execution while drinking a can of beer and having the entire episode filmed.  Wikipedia states that Samuel Doe’s Krahn tribe persecuted the Gio and Mano tribes because “they were seen as inferior by the President’s own tribe, the Krahn.” (Found "here"; italics added)  

 

Charles Taylor, once a supporter of Doe, began an opposition group composed mostly of Gio and Mano tribesmen in nearby Cote d'Ivoire. When these forces invaded Liberia, Doe’s supporters retaliated in brutal fashion. “Thousands of civilians were massacred on both sides. Hundreds of thousands fled their homes.” A second rebel army under Prince Johnson broke off from Taylor’s force and both rebel groups sought control of the nation by attempting to seize its capital, Monrovia. In the worst massacre of the war, 30 Krahn soldiers murdered over 600 unarmed civilians who had sought sanctuary in St. Peter’s Lutheran Church in Monrovia in July 1990.  Fighting was so bad in 1994 that over 1.8 million civilians needed humanitarian assistance from the West. By 1996 most of Monrovia was destroyed. In 1997 under supervised elections, Charles Taylor took office as president and much of the fighting subsided. The war, which involved child soldiers on both sides, cost over 200,000 lives and forced over one million others into refugee camps. War broke out again in 1999 and only ended in 2003 with the capture and eventual arrest of Charles Taylor in neighboring Nigeria in 2006. Tried and convicted on charges of rape, acts of sexual violence, and the murderous use of child soldiers, he was sentenced to 50 years in prison.  It should be noted that hundreds of child soldier murderers were brought to the United States as refugees to remove them from the murderous environment of Liberia. 

 

In 1994, it was estimated a Hutu genocide of over 500,000 Tutsi in Rwanda with the systemic rape of over 250,000 women had taken place.


Nor are these African supremacist and genocidal actions relegated to the past. Today’s expansionistic Boko Harem (“westernization is sacrilege”) insurgency of Muslim backed militia against Nigerian Christians that has resulted in the kidnapping, rape, and murders of tens of thousands. Islamic Jihad has seized other African nations with mass murder events in Burkina-Faso, Mozambique, Uganda, and other nations.  In May 2021, Ghanian President Akufo-Addo stated Islamic Jihad was aimed at subjugating many West African countries.  We’ve seen the same happen to Christians in Indonesia, Pakistan, Iran, China, and countless other nations.

 

Not surprisingly, CRT adherents remain silent about the fact that in the last three-quarters century, western governments have often rushed aid and used their influence to either end the brutality or ameliorate the suffering of brown and black innocent victims.  Today’s advocates of CRT often neglect to mention that it was the governments of white European nations that first ended slavery around the Third World—often in opposition to the protests of people of color. To mention this fact would, of course, run counter to their false claim that only whites and the West are guilty of imperialist and supremacist thoughts and acts. But such is the sad state of historical knowledge among most young adults in America today, that far too many fall victim to the deliberate falsehoods of Critical Race Theory advocates. The destructive social upheavals and rioting in over 200 cities across the United States in 2020 could only have occurred as a result of such historical ignorance.

 

-------  

Jack Bovee 

Fort Myers, FL 
The writer has been a social studies educator, founder of Rho Kappa--the National Social Studies Honor Society--past president of the Florida Council for the Social Studies, and a former Elementary School Principal of the Year in Lee County, Florida. He may be reached at: jsbovee@aol.com.



[1] Wikipedia, “Nigerian Civil War: Atrocities Against the Igbos”  (available HERE, accessed  May 30, 2022). 

[2] Ibid. 

 

Sunday, December 11, 2022

1619 Brought Freedom, Not Slavery, to the Africans at Jamestown; at the Same Time Africans Enslaved Europeans with Impunity

 I wanted people to know the date 1619 and to contemplate what it means that slavery predates nearly every other institution in the United States.                                               -- Nikole Hannah Jones, The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story

What else hadn't we been taught?                                                                                                 --  Nikole Hannah Jones, The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story


The most common narrative in American schools and the popular culture today is that slavery began in America in 1619.  Unfortunately, there is about as much truth in that scenario as there was in the “Hands Up, Don’t Shoot” argument related to the death of Michael Brown of 2014.  Nikole Hannah-Jones and other advocates of Critical Race Theory prove beyond doubt the accuracy of Arthur Schlesinger’s maxim that "history is a weapon."  They distort the historical narrative by omitting key facts that, if told, would present an entirely different view of the past. 

     The events leading up to the arrival of Africans at Jamestown in 1619 seem to be well agreed upon today. They were captured in Angola, Africa and sold by Africans to Portuguese slavers based in Luanda. While being transported on the San Juan Batista to the Spanish port of Vera Cruz, Mexico, the ship was captured by two English corsairs, the White Lion—flying a Dutch flag-- and the Treasurer off the Mexican coast.  The English raiders removed some of the slaves who were then brought to Jamestown. Here, the White Lion exchanged “some twenty odd” Africans for "victualls" in August 1619.[1] That colony—in desperate need of laborers and resorting to indentured servitude—gladly accepted them.  Here the agreement stops.

     The status of these Africans will probably never be resolved. Nikole Hannah-Jones argues they were all reduced to slavery. Others argue that the Africans were given the same status as white indentured servants. The latter argue the word "servant" and not "slave" was used to describe them in Virginia’s first census of 1620. That accounting “recorded 32 Africans, 17 female and 15 male, all probably from the White Lion and Treasurer. None of the Africans are identified by name in this census . . . In 1620, there were 32 Africans in Virginia, making up about 3% of Virginia’s non-native population; by 1625, there were around 25 Africans, or about 2%.”[2]  The decline in the number of Africans in 1625 may be attributed to the high mortality rate of all settlers in the marshy area where Virginia’s earliest English settlements were located or as part of the 350 setters killed in the uprising of Native Americans there in 1622.  

     What complicates matters is that indentured servants sometimes referred to themselves as slaves. Certainly, not all white indentured servants came here willingly. Over 52,000 convicts were saved from the gallows in England by being sent as indentured servants to America. Hundreds of children were seized from England’s streets and shuffled off to the colonies by English authorities. Kidnapping children, or ‘spiriting’ as it was called, was another common fate that befell many youth from the British Isles. Of 100 children transferred to Jamestown in 1619 and others sent the next year, only 12 were still alive for the census taken in 1625. (3] Often, the line between slave and indentured servant was blurred.      

     The status of the Africans is also unclear because after the Virginia census of 1625 we lose sight of them after that date. In putting forth the claim that the Africans who arrived in 1619 were life-long slaves it becomes necessary to generalize events and omit key facts. For example, President Obama’s 2011 proclamation of their landing in Virginia states, "the first enslaved Africans in England's colonies in America were brought to this peninsula on a ship flying a Dutch flag in 1619, beginning a long ignoble period of slavery in the colonies, and later, this Nation."[3]

      Unfortunately, that's not the entire story. The words “probably,” “may,” and “likely,” are freely used to support the argument that the enslavement of Africans in British America began in 1619. The Africans were indeed slaves when they arrived in Virginia. And they undoubtedly would have continued to remain slaves had they reached their intended destination in Mexico. What the historical record in Virginia does  show is that the small group of Africans was repeatedly referred to as “servants” in the annual censuses of 1620, 1624 & 1625. Moreover, several of them later appear as free persons. For this to happen, they undoubtedly had to have been accorded the status of indentured servants. Anthony Johnson—one of the earliest Africans to arrive there—began his life in Virginia as an indentured servant who gained his freedom and eventually became the owner of 250 acres of land through the headright system. His African wife, Mary, arrived in Virginia on the Margarett and John in 1622 or 1623 and is reported as living with Anthony in 1625.  They were both free before 1645 and “became comparatively prosperous landowners” on Virginia’s eastern shore.  In February 1653, Johnson’s home and some outbuildings were consumed by fire and he received public assistance from the colony because of his “hard labor and known service.” There’s more.


Two years later, when he and his family had again attained a modicum of prosperity, he successfully sued a prominent planter who he accused of illegally confiscating some of his livestock. Then in 1654, an incident took place that proved that Johnson, a black man, not only owned another member of his race, but was able to keep him in bondage for the rest of his life. The man in question was a “Negro called John Casor,'' who convinced a white neighbor that he was an indentured servant who should have been freed at the expiration of his tenure. Believing Casor, the man took him home to work in his own tobacco fields . . . In the end, the justices decided that Casor ``shall forthwith be returned unto the service of his master Anthony Johnson.'[4]


   It’s ironic that the Anthony/Casor suit is cited as the first example of an African having to serve another for life—a free African enslaving another African—was something all too common in Anthony’s native Africa. The life of John Pedro provides another example of a free African man in early Virginia. In 1625 John is listed as living in the household of Francis West in the census of 1625 but he’s a free landowner in Lancaster, Virginia in the 1650s. We know of yet another free African man, John Phillip, because he testified in court in 1624. He is thought to have been“the only African to arrive in Virginia free.”[5]

     Unfortunately, the scant records do not tell us much about the individual lives of the few dozen Africans that lived in the Virginia colony in its early years, but they were not slaves.  Certainly, a person’s social class, religious affiliation, and gender accounted more than race for how he was treated in Virginia at the time.  Some Africans gained free status and were able to successfully sue—not just once, but twice—more prominent white colonists. It’s true that by the 1660s the status of Africans was increasingly moving toward what would become a system of life-long slavery, but when viewed from the context of global events, this shuld hardly seem surprising. 

     English civilians had long been at risk of enslavement themselves by Africans—as the white aristocrats in charge of the early Virginia colony were fully aware.  The coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland at this very time were targeted by Muslim slavers from North Africa.  Since the Berber invasion of Spain and France in the early 700s AD, large Islamic armies had launched massive slave raids against Christian Europe. Unlike Europe, which sought precious spices from the East in the late Middle Ages, Muslim armies sought “white gold” in the form of slaves. Men were prized as galley slaves, eunuchs, and laborers who were worked to death in the quarries of North Africa. European women were prized as concubines. Even worse, from the early 1400s to 1700 AD, hundreds of thousands of white Christian boys and girls were seized by the Ottoman Empire in a form of “child tax” called devshirma.  These children were separated from their families, forced to convert, subjected to life-long slavery, and often used to further subjugate Christian Europe.

     It should be remembered the early English explorer of Virginia, John Smith, was a soldier of fortune whose military experience fighting the Ottomans helped the colony to survive. In August 1625—the very year the Virginia census listed 25 Africans living there--Muslim slavers from Africa seized over 60 English residents who sought refuge in a church in Cornwall, England. On the 12th of that month the mayor of Plymouth pleaded with the Privy Council in London that in just 10 days “27 ships had been taken and all the men on board, over 200 of them--had been made slaves.” African slave raiders seized 36 more ships from England, Scotland and Ireland in just the month of March 1636. In 1631 African slavers seized 109 prized captives—89 women and children and 20 men-- from Baltimore, Ireland, selling them into slavery in Algiers. From Lundy Island in the Bristol Channel of the Irish Sea, Muslim slavers established a permanent base and sailed 3,000 miles on two occasions to Iceland to capture almost 400 white slaves in June and July, 1627. Over 36 innocent people were killed, some being burned alive as the North Africans burned their homes and church. All of the captives were sold as slaves in North Africa.[6]

      African based slavers even attacked the Faroe Islands, far to the north of Scotland in 1629 as they continued to ravage helpless towns all over coastal Europe. One Icelandic historian writes: 


They [North African Muslims] ravaged other coasts, like the Faroe Islands in 1629, leaving 300 dead in their wake, and Ireland in 1631, as well as towns all over the Mediterranean and western coasts of Spain, England and France. By the 1650s, there were 30,000 prisoners from coastal lands all over Europe in Algiers alone.  …As one of the hapless 400 Guoriour [a Christian Icelandic woman] spent nine years in what’s now Algiers before the Danish government finally came up with ransom money for 35 Icelanders, eight Norwegians and seven Danes.  The other captives had either died, were made slaves on the galley ships or were sent to harems.   …She was ransomed in June 1636 but had to leave her son behind in Algiers. Children of captives were forced to convert to Islam, and by doing so, lost all right to return…during the three centuries or so that Barbary corsairs hunted the seas.[7]

 

     Ben Johnson, in “Barbary Pirates and English Slaves,” succinctly summarizes the English world of the early seventeenth century: “For over 300 years, the coastlines of the south west of England were at the mercy of Barbary pirates (corsairs) from the coast of North Africa.” In 1626 “It was feared that there were around 60 Barbary men-of-war prowling the Devon and Cornish coasts and attacks were now occurring almost daily.”[8] Things would not improve for white residents of England. "Between 1677 and 1680 the English [alone] were losing 3,000 people to Muslim slavers per year, highlighting a problem that had not abated for the entirety of the century."[9]

     Indeed, more white Englishmen and women were seized and taken as slaves to North Africa in the first half of the seventeenth century than Black West Africans were taken to America at the time.  This fact could not have escaped the consciousness of English authorities in that colony as it codified laws pertaining to racial slavery in 1662.

     Nor were the English unfamiliar with events in eastern Europe. While the coastline of western Europe lay bare to Islamic African slavers for three centuries, Ottoman slave raids from the Crimean Khanate enslaved an estimated 2 million people over several hundred years. These white Christian slaves were sold in Istanbul, in Egypt and in North African port cities. "Crimean Tartars invaded Slavic lands 38 times between 1654 and 1657; 52,000 people were seized by the Tartars in the spring of 1655 in the course of a raid into the territory of Ukraine and Southern Russia.[10] In a single massive raid in 1769, over 20,000 Slavs were seized and sold as slaves.[11] 

          To ignore these historical facts serves only to “weaponize” history. In taking the long view of slavery in America, it’s worth remembering that very few of the transatlantic slaves from Africa ever arrived in North America. African-American historian Henry Louis Gates, Jr. states that—"of the 10.7 million who disembarked in the New World— only 450,000 African slaves were ever brought to North America."[12]  Africans from the Barbary States of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, on the hand, are estimated to have enslaved 1.25 to 1.5 million white Europeans. These figures do not account for millions more Europeans captured and taken to Morocco, Istanbul, and Egypt over hundred of years. Just as the facts surrounding the exact nature of the status of those few dozen Africans who disembarked in Virginia from 1610 to 1650 remain unclear, so the total number of Europeans who suffered enslavement by people of color remains hazy.

           What is clear is that there has been a deliberate omission of the historical record in American schools regarding the subject of global slavery and how it influenced the thinking of early English colonists in North America.  Nor are many Americans aware that in its first 100 years as a nation, the U.S. fought three anti-slavery wars—two to free white slaves and one to free blacks. 

     What has been the result of this deliberate distortion of our nation’s past? National division. Increased racial tension and hate crimes, emanating from a false narrative.  A lack of patriotism in our younger generation that has not been told the truth. New forms of discrimination and racial segregation now aimed against those who supposedly enjoy the benefits of ‘white privilege.’ Increased social upheaval within our once grand major cities. A collapse of our educational system. A weakened military. Increased tribalism all across the nation.  

    This has been the toll of the false narrative. Literally, the survival of our nation is at stake.

    How do we correct the problem? Simple. 

    We begin by demanding a return to the honest teaching of American history. 


ENDNOTES

[1] Waxman, Olivia B. “The First Africans Landed in Virginia in 1619. It Was a Turning Point for Slavery in American History—But Not the Beginning,” Time, August 20, 2019. Accessed HERE on December 5, 2022.  

[2] Austin, Beth. “1619: Virginia’s First Africans,” Hampton History Institute (2019).  Accessed HERE on December 5, 2022.  (https://hampton.gov/DocumentCenter/View/24075/1619-Virginias-First-Africans?bidId=)  

[3] Waxman.  

[4] “Ambitious Slave-Turned-Slaveowner Enjoys Farm Success,” The Virginian Pilot (August 21, 1994). Accessed HERE on December 6, 2022.   [https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1994/vp940821/08190821.htm ]

[5] Waxman

[6] Webb, Simon. “The Forgotten Slave Trade: The White European Slavery of Islam,”  (Pen & Sword Books, Philadelphia 2020), pages 70-73.

[7] Duin, Julia. “Iceland’s Best Selling Book on the Woman Who Escaped Pirates,” Religion Unpluggd, January 9, 2020. Accessed HERE, December 4, 2020.  [https://religionunplugged.com/news/2020/1/9/icelandic-author-searching-for-english-publisher-for-best-selling-book-on-muslim-pirate-abductions ]     

[8] Johnson, Ben. “Barbary Pirates and English Slaves,” Historic UK, Accessed HERE, December 2,

2022. [https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Barbary-Pirates-English-Slaves/ ]

[9] “The Surprising Tale of the Muslim Pirates that Raided from Rome to Reykjavik,” Exploring

History, Accessed HERE, on December 4, 2022. [https://medium.com/exploring-history/the-surprising-tale-of-themuslim-pirates-that-raided-from-rome-to-reykjav%C3%ADk-b63bd417c27 ]

[10] Kizilov, Mikhail. “Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea from the Perspective of Christian,

Muslim, and Jewish Sources,” Journal of Early Modern History (2007). (Available HERE).

[11] Wikipedia: "Slavic Slaves." Acessed HERE on December 5, 2022, 

[12] Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. “How Many Africans Were Really Taken to the U.S. During the SlaveTrade?” America’s Black Holocaust Museum, (January 6, 2014). Accessed HERE on December 5, 2022.

             

To download a PDF version of this article click "HERE."

____________.   

Jack Bovee

Fort Myers, FL 
The writer has been a social studies educator, founder of Rho Kappa--the National Social Studies Honor Society--past president of the Florida Council for the Social Studies, and a former Elementary School Principal of the Year in Lee County, Florida. He may be reached at: jsbovee@aol.com.



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